There are a wide range of modern waste disposal systems and the costs of operating them greatly vary. The type of waste disposal system to be used is selected based on the nature of the operation, process and needs of the local community. In Iran, mixed municipal waste with significant contamination and humidity is prevalent. As a result, the most commonly used methods implemented in European and American countries are not applicable in Iran and in many cases, investments on these technologies have failed. Among the methods that have attracted the attention of authorities and urban managers are the mixed waste disposal approaches associated with positive economic returns such as RAPID Catalytic Cracking systems (RCC). In this study, the economic aspects of implementing an engineering investment model on a typical RCC unit is studied in order to evaluate the economic development of the project regarding the local and regional conditions and challenges. The data collected in 2017 were used in this study and results were obtained using COMFAR. The internal rate of return (IRR) of an RCC system with a capacity of 180 tons per urban waste for a lifespan of ten years is 80. 23%, which indicates there is a very attractive economic justification for the scheme compared to the interest rate (20%).

Background: Streptococcal pharyngitis is the most common type of acute bacterial pharyngitis that may have different complications if remained untreated. On the other hand, antibiotics may impose side effects if prescribed for healthy subjects, thus, the appropriate diagnosis of affected individuals is of utmost importance. Previous studies have indicated the accuracy of RAPID Test for streptococcal pharyngitis, so the present study was conducted to determine the accuracy of RAPID Test among a group of Iranians.Materials and methods: For this clinical trail, 320 consecutive cases of sore throat were enrolled. RAPID Test was performed for all cases; however, culture was our gold standard for diagnosis. Finally, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated.Results: The study population included 150 males and 170 females with the mean age of 21 ± 7 years. The positive and negative predictive values of RAPID test were 66% and 98.5%, respectively.Conclusion: With respect to the known complications of acute pharyngitis, we strongly recommend Rapis test for all patients with sore throat.

Introduction: Healthy lifestyle is an essential issue and each individual needs a healthy lifestyle throughout his life. The purpose of this study is to identify the lifestyle of the residents in zone 17 of Tehran and issues affecting it. The main reason for applying this study is promoting the quality of life among residents, based on their analysis of socio-economic patterns and participation.Materials and Methods: Participatory approach has been conducted in this qualitative research the methods for collecting data were participatory tools consisting of participatory observation, interview and community group work. Research team was a RAPID APPRAISAL team composed of members with different backgrounds and skills of community, organizations and University.Results: Overall local facilities in zone 17 included: companion facilities and city facilities. Results showed that the distribution of resources and facilities was different in different quarters of the zone and people were more interested in companion facilities than city facilities. Most social communication of people was traditional and ethnical which had a direct effect on their health. Also three groups of barriers in establishing healthy lifestyle were found including: wrong personal beliefs, social communication based on relative relationship and talking same language and structural and environmental barriers.Conclusion: Findings showed that most social communication and relationship was based on relativeness and neighborhood which had a significant effect on people lifestyle. When people participation and communication expands to general population, a good chance for social development will be provided. Also local organizations by using effective education methods can provide people participation in their own health promotion.

Purpose: This paper presents the lessons learned from applying participatory planning approaches in the preparation of village-level development plans for the Carbon Sequestration Project pilot areas in 33 pilot villages in the Shahdad district of Kerman.Methods: RAPID Rural APPRAISAL (RRA) and Participatory Rural APPRAISAL (PRA) techniques were employed to map local resources and priorities.Results: The findings from the participatory process were validated by analysing existing development documents at both local and regional levels.Conclusion: The results reveal that the priority programs and projects identified through participatory assessment techniques were, in some cases, not fully aligned with the programs of neighbouring villages or the regional development orientation. Our findings suggest that aligning the outcomes of the participatory assessment process with district-level documents can be a practical solution for integrated participatory-level planning (VLP) development.

Background and aim: The main aim of participatory research is to strengthen local capacities so that people can utilize and analyze data to solve their problems. Research development and health promotion center of Farokhshahr was established for capacity building of society so that people be able to recognize their problems and finally try to solve them. In this center, participatory research is a basic element, which consisted of community mobilization, need assessment, priority setting, interventions and evaluation. In this study need assessment was investigated in this city.Methods: This research was a participatory research. Population of the study was all 40000 population of Farrokhshahr city. Sample consisted of 40 groups with 6-12 people in each group. These 400 people of sample size were randomly selected from the population. RAPID APPRAISAL method was used for process of need assessment. This method is based on observation, interview and society profile. Promotion of people education and capacity building is one of the advantages of this method. Finally, the data were collected from the society profile, focus group discussion and observation.Results: The data collected from focus group discussion, society problem and observation resulted in recognition of 40 needs and problems. These needs were classified in nine groups.Conclusion: The results indicated that need assessment using participatory community based research not only identified society needs and problems but also caused capacity building in the society.

Traditional methods of opioid detoxification such as using methadone or nonopioid drugs such as Clonidine are relatively long processes in comparison to new methods such as " RAPID Detoxification" where in the detoxification period is very short, experience of withdrawal symptoms is at a minimum level and the relapse rate is also lower. In this study, 25 opioid addicts were detoxified under general anesthesia with Naloxone. Data which was collected by two types of questionnaires was analysed statistically by SPSS. 10 Sftware. Results were in favor of experience of mild withdrawal symptoms in almost all of the addicts 8-10 hours after detoxification regardless of the type or amount of used substances, in addition, cardiovascular changes during detoxification in most of cases were not significant and otherwise were controllable. From our results, it could be concluded that URD (Ultra RAPID Detoxification) is a safe and efficient method for controlling withdrawal symptoms in opioid dependence.      

Background and aim: Participatory community based research is a scientific research method which has recently been considered in health sciences. This type of investigation is based on community needs. In other words, results of the research must give a response to society requirements and health problems. In this study institution of Farrokhshahr development team as a way for capacity building of people to recognize and obviate their needs has been evaluated.Method: This is a participatanory community based research, which was performed in Farrokhshahr city of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran. The population of this city is about 40000. The process consisted of 5 steps: 1– people mobilization, 2– need assessment, 3– priority setting, 4– interventional programs and 5– evaluation of the program. The study was performed by Farokhshahr development team, city authorities and local confidantes. The study was supervised by Shahrekord university of medical sciences, deputy for research affairs. Community mobilization was started by composition of development team which consisted of 10 committee. Need assessment was begun when the team subjected to capacity building by carrying on different workshops. This team collected community profile by corporation of other institutions. Need assessment was performed using RAPID APPRAISAL. Finally priority setting was performed using two dimensional matrix and some other tools.Results: Farrokhshahr development team was established with 4000 members who were organized in ten different committees as following: woman, elderly, health, social security, civilization and educational committees. Also, two workshops were held to build capacities in team members in order to perform need assessment and priority setting in Farrokhshahr. Need assessment led to recognition of 40 different problems. Finally, priority setting was performed using two dimensional matrix, which led to 20 priorities.Conclusion: Results of this investigation revealed that people needs in every society are different according to socio–economical condition of their society. Therefore, it is recommended that need assessments be performed with participation of the society.